JEGS Tech Specialist

Pete Mitchell

The firing order is the secret behind the heartbeat of every engine. Yet, even seasoned gearheads fail to understand its mechanics, so we bring you this guide. Whether you're an automotive enthusiast or a curious driver looking to understand your vehicle better, this article will tell you everything you want to know about this basic yet often misunderstood topic.

What Is a Firing Order?

As the name suggests, firing order is the ignition sequence of cylinders in internal combustion engines. It dictates the power delivery sequence and ensures that the combustion of fuel takes place at very exact time periods in each of the cylinders against the rotating assembly, pushing down on the crankshaft via the pistons and connecting rods and ultimately sending power to the wheels. Think of the rotating assembly of an engine like your legs and feet pushing down on the two pedals on a bicycle. If you don't push down on each pedal at the right time, you will not reach maximum power and speed. You'll also get tired more quickly.

The firing order sequence is very important. For example, a typical inline four-cylinder has a 1-3-4-2 firing sequence, and a typical Chevy firing order for a V6 is 1-6-5-4-3-2. The goal is to produce the maximum amount of power without side effects, such as knocking or accelerated crankshaft wear.

Why Do Engines Need a Firing Order?

It might seem more convenient to make engines with a simple 1-2-3-4-5-6 (and so on) sequence, but this firing order is less than subpar. This is because it would produce uneven twisting forces on the crankshaft and could damage it or entirely destroy it.

The crankshaft is one of the most stressed engine components and performs roughly between 500 and 7,000 rotations per minute based on the specific engine and its rev range. This means the crankshaft could be easily bent if the torsional forces weren’t distributed evenly across the length of it. The firing order largely affects the force distribution and has to factor into the crankshaft design.

The firing phase is physically the strongest of the entire four-stroke cycle, creating vibrations and overall mechanical stress. To maintain engine reliability, the mechanical stress should be kept at the lowest possible level, so firing should not occur at any adjacent cylinders at the same time, this is one of the reasons why engines need a specific firing order.

The firing sequence also affects the engine’s level of vibrations, noise, and generated power, including the evenness of power delivery across the RPM range. An improper firing order can then also negatively impact fuel economy.

In a more literal sense, we need to know the firing order of an engine to not mix up the spark plug wires, which could cause the engine to run poorly and backfire, if it would start at all.

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Effects of Uneven Firing Intervals

To minimize vibrations, most engines are designed to fire in evenly spaced intervals. In other words, the power stroke (i.e., the stage of the engine combustion cycle in which the gasses expand and drive the piston outward) is spaced out evenly between each one of the cylinders. As a result, a six-cylinder will fire at 120-degree intervals. The reason is that a four-stroke engine has a 720 degrees operating cycle. Divide this by the number of cylinders and we get the 120 degrees mentioned above.

Nonetheless, there are exceptions, with certain V6 engines using uneven intervals, such as 90 and 150 degrees. Because this hinders the smoothness of the engine, such intervals are only used on performance engines, where this tradeoff is acceptable, such as the V10-powered Dodge Viper. Another example would be the 5.2 V10 FSI found in Lamborghini and Audi models. The Audi is actually the exception that proves the rule; besides the R8, the unevenly firing V10 also found its way to the luxury sedan S8.

Firing Order for Different Multi-Cylinder Engines

Each engine has a specific firing order, which varies not only based on the number of cylinders but also the manufacturer and general engine design. For example, the 6-cylinder GM 3800 engine has a 1-6-5-4-3-2 sequence, while a 6-cylinder from Mercedes (M104) has a 1-4-2-5-3-6 sequence. Similarly, a Chevy firing order may be different from a firing order for Ford. Moreover, firing sequences can also vary within the manufacturer’s lineup (i.e., the 6-cylinder Mercedes M272 has a different firing order from the 6-cylinder M104).

Below is a list of American V8 firing orders for some select engines. Keep in mind that the table is non-exhaustive and there are many more engine configurations and different firing orders.

Also, note that flat engines use a different numbering system. “L” stands for the left bank and “R” for the right bank of cylinders. “L1” is thus a designation of the front cylinder on the left bank, “R3” the third cylinder on the right bank, and so on.

Crucial to describing the firing order is also the actual numbering of the cylinders. This largely depends on the engine design and the manufacturer. Cylinders in straight engines are in all cases simply numbered from the front to rear. The second most common engine design is the “V” engine. Here, two approaches are possible. Producers such as Ford and Audi number the cylinders sequentially on each bank. The firing order for Ford engines (when viewed from the front of the engine) would then be 1-2-3-4 for the cylinders along the left bank and 5-6-7-8 for cylinders along the right bank. On the other hand, GM and Chrysler tend to number cylinders relative to their position on the crankshaft instead. In that case, cylinders(when viewed from the front of the engine) along the left bank would be 2-4-6-8 and 1-3-5-7 along the right one.

Firing Order Tuning

Closely related to the firing order, and just as important to understand, is what we call companion cylinders. To put this into an example, let’s take the 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2 firing order, which is common on small and big block Chevys. From this Chevy firing order, we can read that the companion cylinders are 1/6, 8/5, 4/7, and 3/2. Each pair of these cylinders is at the top dead center at the same time (although each is in a different stroke phase). This is determined by the crankshaft throw. The throw is measured as the distance between the center of the crankshaft pin and the crank’s main journal. In other words, the engine firing order depends on the design of the crankshaft. So, by using a different crankshaft, we can alter the firing order.

This is in fact why engine tuners swap crankshafts - altering the firing order can generate a bit extra horsepower (although it usually negatively affects reliability). Specifically, in the case of the Chevy engine above, the firing order of cylinders 4 and 7 is swapped, and also of 3 and 2. As a result, you get a 1-8-7-2-6-5-4-3 firing order, which is identical to LS engines.